Dengue in Chile: What should we know now that Aedes aegypti inhabits a wide territory of continental Chile?

Abstract

The dengue virus, primarily transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito belonging to the Flaviviridae family, has triggered significant outbreaks in Latin America. In 2023 alone, 4.5 million cases suggestive of the disease were recorded. The spread of the mosquito has raised concerns in countries like Chile, where its presence has been detected in various regions, prompting the Ministry of Health to issue decree No. 28 to control the vector and strengthen epidemiological surveillance.

Despite Chile's history of combating dengue since the 19th century and the eradication of the vector in the 1950s, sporadic cases have been reported, especially in Rapa Nui. Since 2016, populations of A. aegypti have been confirmed in several continental regions, leading to the declaration of a health alert in multiple areas. Climate change has contributed to the increase in arbovirus cases, facilitating the mosquito's expansion. Mathematical models have identified suitable areas for its settlement, including the central coast of Chile. Early diagnosis of dengue is based on medical history and specific laboratory tests.

Prevention and control of the mosquito are crucial to prevent endemic transmission in Chile, requiring collaboration between governmental institutions and civil society. Although mosquito eradication would be ideal, climatic and population challenges demand preventive measures and adequate preparedness to combat the disease.