Pulmonary manifestations in leptospirosis: Case report and literature review.

Abstract

Pulmonary involvement secondary to Leptospira spp. infection is a recognized clinical entity, but likely underestimated in our setting. This zoonosis is typically transmitted through contact with water contaminated with the urine of infected animals, particularly rodents. The clinical course is variable, including severe forms such as Weil’s syndrome, characterized by jaundice, renal failure, and pulmonary injury. A clinical case is reported that developed acute respiratory failure with hemoptysis associated with multiorgan dysfunction. Environmental exposure to a lagoon, the presence of rodents, and cohabitation with a dog were key risk factors guiding the diagnostic suspicion. He had a favorable outcome with antimicrobial treatment. This case highlights the importance of considering leptospirosis in the differential diagnosis of hemoptysis, particularly in endemic areas with a history of environmental exposure. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to improve prognosis.